Secondary hypertension

• Chronic kidney disease (CKD)
• Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD)
• Polycystic kidney disease (PKD)
• Renal artery stenosis (RAS)
• Renal parenchymal disease

(Hegde 2019, JSH 2009, Viera 2010)

• Acromegaly
• Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)
• Cushing disease
• Cushing syndrome
• Hyperthyroidism
• Hyperparathyroidism
• Hypothyroidism
• Pheochromocytoma
• Primary aldosteronism

(Hegde 2019, JSH 2009, Viera 2010)

• Brain stem compression syndrome
• Coarctation of the aorta
• Drug-induced
• Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)
• Pregnancy
• Scleroderma

(Hegde 2019, JSH 2009, Viera 2010)

• Hypertension

• Diagnosis of secondary hypertension: an age-based approach (American Academy of Family Physicians)
• Secondary hypertension (Japanese Society of Hypertension)
• Secondary Hypertension (StatPearls)

• Hegde S, Aeddula NR. Secondary Hypertension (open-access, PDF). In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. Last updated 2019-11-14 and retrieved on 2020-05-14.
• JSH 2009: Japanese Society of Hypertension. Chapter 12. Secondary hypertension (open-access, PDF). Hypertens Res 2009;32:78–90. DOI: 10.1038/hr.2008.13
• Viera AJ, Neutze DM. Diagnosis of Secondary Hypertension: An Age-Based Approach (open-access, PDF). Am Fam Physician. 2010;82(12):1471–1478.