Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

• Abbreviated as COPD

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is an obstructive lung disease caused by exposure to cigarette smoke or inhaled irritants.

^{(MacNee 2006)}

• Pulmonology (Outline)
• Bronchodilators (List)

• COPD: pathology, pathogenesis, and pathophysiology (BMJ)

• MacNee W. Pathology, pathogenesis, and pathophysiology (open-access, PDF). BMJ. 2006;332(7551):1202-1204. PMCID: PMC1463976